Turtle Diary

These are notes for Turtle Diary (1975), Russell Hoban's third non-children's novel. It's a bittersweet philosophical semi-comic non-romance about two desperately lonely middle-aged Londoners who connect over a mutual obsession with stealing sea turtles from the zoo and returning them to the ocean.

The novel was adapted into a 1985 film written by Harold Pinter and directed by John Irvin. Hoban disliked the movie (which omitted basically everything that was conveyed in the book's interior monologues), calling it "feeble and flabby"; a radio adaptation in 2003 was more positively received by the author.

The novel has 53 chapters, with William narrating the odd-numbered chapters and Neaera the even-numbered ones. The notes below refer to the 2013 edition from New York Review Books.

Major characters

• William G., a bookstore clerk, several years after a divorce.
• Neaera H., a successful writer and illustrator of children's books.
• George Fairbairn, aquarium keeper at the London Zoo.
• Harriet, one of William's co-workers.
• Mr. Sandor and Miss Neap, William's bedsit neighbors.

Chapter 1

One wanted to see SPURS, ARSENAL

British football teams with extremely partisan fan followings, sometimes violently so.

Chapter 2

Great Water-Beetle, Dysticus marginalis

Also known as the great diving beetle. (A Smithsonian video with footage of it swimming)

Laura Ashley dresses

A Welsh fashion designer whose floral-print women's wear would have connoted (in the mid-1970s at least) a stylish kind of outdoorsy nostalgia.

Chapter 3

had a stall on the Portobello Road

A popular outdoor antiques market.

Chapter 4

John Gould ... eagle owl

This lithograph appeared in Gould's book The Birds of Great Britain (1873) and can be seen in the Louisiana Digital Library's collection of prints from that volume. Gould's bird illustrations are widely available from commercial print sellers, and one vendor, apparently less sensitive than Neaera to the alarming effect of this image, described the eagle owl as "a striking addition to any room in the home."

Chapter 6

Jimson Crow ... always stealing things

US readers may be startled to see a "Jim Crow" reference like this casually proposed as a joke for a picture book in England, and it is basically as bad as it sounds but for a slightly different reason. Before the name came to refer to segregation laws in the US, Jim Crow was a minstrel-show clown character—a carefree but untrustworthy Black stereotype. That character, and his theme song "Jump Jim Crow", became internationally known enough that Punch and Judy puppeteers in the UK borrowed the name and applied it to an existing (and equally racist) stock character who had previously been nameless. Up through the 1930s "Jim Crow" continued to be used in Punch shows, so someone of Neaera's generation might think of him as an old-timey reference from her own country, casually ignoring the offensiveness not unlike how a chain restaurant in the US continued to use the name "Sambo's" well into the '70s.

a relationship like that of the figures on Keats's Grecian urn

The guy on the urn can never reach his beloved, since they're painted on an urn, but at least they'll be eternally young and beautiful. ("Ode on a Grecian Urn")

Chapter 7

Procurer to the King by Fallopia Bothways

In this relatively realistic novel it's rare for Hoban to indulge his penchant for extravagant comic names (another exception is in chapter 24, when we hear about a publishing house whose partners are "Pryntward Rush & Hope"). "Fallopia Bothways" at first glance seems like a blunt joke on the idea that a writer of historical romances wanting to sound both hyper-womanly and a bit racy would use a name that combines reproductive anatomy with a wink-wink reference to bisexuality, but would end up with something that's both unsexy and kind of awkward to pronounce. But there's another very different "both ways" reference in chapter 24 that complicates this.

The Underground trains are above ground where the District Line passes the common ... on the left they converge towards Parsons Green and Putney Bridge

part of William's surroundings

William gives us enough detail here and later in the book to make it clear that he lives in Fulham, and that "the common" is Eel Brook Common, a park near the Fulham Broadway tube station. Hoban lived on the northeast border of Eel Brook Common for many years and described the Fulham area in several of his novels; the view that William describes is basically what his would have been. There is less detail about Neaera's neighborhood so I'm not sure where she might live.

Chapter 8

Polperro

A Cornish seaside town with a population of about 1,500. One travel guide claims that the touristy gift shops do not quite manage to spoil it.

Chapter 10

"The Windhover"

Regardless of whether Neaera is fair to call this "a wet poem and twittish", it does seem fair to say it's got a few mannered words. (Full text)

Basho's frog

Matsuo Bashō (1644-1694) wrote in several poetic forms but is best known for haiku, including the one about a frog which one poet described as "almost definitely the most famous haiku ever composed on this planet."

Thomas Bewick diligently followed the patterns of light

Bewick (1753-1828), like Gould, is best known now for his illustrations of animals, birds in particular. (Many are reproduced online by The Bewick Society)

John Clare looked carefully at hedgerows

Clare (1793-1864) wrote many poems focusing on nature and rural life.

Ella Wheeler Wilcox implacably persisted

This is probably a dry backhanded compliment, as Wilcox (1850-1919)—extremely popular in her day, now best known for epigrams like "Laugh and the world laughs with you"—wrote hundreds of poems, nearly all of which were in the same meter and in four-line stanzas.

a round-the-world singlehanded sailing race in which one of the yachtsmen stopped

Neaera is talking about Donald Crowhurst; the story didn't end well.

Chapter 12

The eyes of herring gulls ... have no pity even for the bird they're in

An image that has recurred in Hoban's work: in Riddley Walker, Riddley describes a gull's eyes as "so fearce they cudnt even be sorry for the naminal they wer in."

The Man in the Zoo

The 1924 New York Times review of this novella called it "delightful" and described its theme like so: "a man lives side by side with lower animals, and appears not wholly to advantage."

The turtle in Lear's Yonghy-Bonghy-Bò looks like a hawksbill in the drawing

"The Courtship of the Yonghy-Bonghy-Bò" has been illustrated many times, but Neaera is probably talking about Lear's own drawings for it. (Full text with drawings)

Chapter 13

the sort of situation that would be ever so charming and warmly human in a film with Peter Ustinov and Maggie Smith

I haven't seen any movie with Ustinov and Smith together so I'm not sure if Hoban was thinking of a particular one, or just sort of negatively fan-casting an imaginary disappointing Turtle Diary adaptation. They did co-star in the crime caper Hot Millions (1968).

Chapter 14

Alas! What boots it with incessant care

From Milton's "Lycidas", using "Neaera" as an example of a generic nymph. There were at least a dozen unrelated mythological characters by that name; no way to know which one either Milton or our narrator's father had in mind.

Chapter 15

An important witness in the current American government scandal

Although Turtle Diary was published in 1975, it's likely that Hoban was either writing this earlier and referring to the Watergate affair, or just assuming that Watergate-type events would be a permanent fixture of US politics from then on. I'm not sure the specific quote William describes is real, but I'm guessing it's meant to be G. Gordon Liddy; it would be in character with Liddy's grandiosity and homophobia.

Chapter 16

Caister men never turn back

Caister became famous for the tenacity of its lifeboat crews when nine rescue workers were lost for a rescue that had only two survivors.

opened A.E. Housman at random

From the 36th poem in "A Shropshire Lad" (1896). (Full text)

He always kipped after lunch

For US readers: kip is British for a nap.

Chapter 17

The Swimmer, with Burt Lancaster

A 1968 film from a John Cheever story of the same name. (Roger Ebert's review)

Chapter 20

The Duchess of Malfi ... coffin, cords, and a bell

A characteristically violent 17th-century revenge tragedy by John Webster. The cords are used to execute the Duchess by strangulation. (Full text)

the shark's mouth ... a place of rest, they call them requin

This bilingual pun probably isn't etymologically accurate. Shark in French is "requin", which sounds a little like "requiem", and "requiem" comes from "to rest" in Latin. But it's not clear that the words really are related; "requin" is thought to be from a different word that means showing your teeth.

Chapter 23

her father is an MP

Member of Parliament.

The place was in St. John's Wood

A wealthy London neighborhood, best known outside England as the home of the heiress in the Rolling Stones song "Play with Fire".

Chapter 24

the astronauts on Skylab-2 have got two spiders with them

It was Skylab-3 (although the numbers don't refer to different space stations, just a series of missions on the same station), and this is more evidence (like the Watergate reference) that either a good deal of the novel was written in 1973 or it takes place then.

Chapter 25

The place was in Maida Vale

A residential neighborhood next to St. John's Wood, but not as rich. A large BBC studio facility is there.

Chapter 26

King Kong was playing at the Chelsea Odeon

Desk and wall in Russell Hoban's study (photo by Dave Awl, 1999)

The 1933 King Kong loomed large in Hoban's imagination, with Kong references appearing in several of his other works, most notably the libretto for the opera The Second Mrs. Kong—an allegorical fantasy in which the woman in Vermeer's "Girl with Pearl Earring" meets "the idea of Kong". Both of them can be seen here above Hoban's desk.

a reversal of the Schöne Müllerin theme

The Franz Schubert/Wilhelm Müller song cycle "The Fair Maid of the Mill".

those chains are made of chrome steel

Here is the full scene of Kong's stage debut, although you should really just watch the whole movie right now. (There are probably thousands of essays on King Kong; here's a short one I wrote.)

Chapter 27

Square plate in the pavement, K257 on it

As it's now possible to find online references for manhole covers, I was curious as to whether a marking like this would really exist and why. Unfortunately the answer is unclear. There are many covers and plates that have somewhat similar letter/number codes, such as B125—but those refer to a specific list of "load ratings" (that is, how much weight is the cover safe for), and "K" isn't used in that system. It may be that Hoban saw something like B125, assumed that other letters would probably be used too, and followed that train of thought to the Mozart joke here.

go ahead, play Mozart

In classical music, "K" numbers from the Köchel catalogue are a standard way to reference Mozart's works. K. 257, the Credo Mass in C major (1776), lends itself particularly well (even though William says he's never heard it) to the idea that an object might emit a specific Mozart piece when stepped on: due to the repetitions of "cre-do, cre-do" in the third movement, a one- or two-bar phrase would be enough for anyone who's heard the mass to recognize it.

Lineaments of satisfied desire

A slight misquote from Blake's "Several Questions Answered" (c. 1793). (Full text)

Chapter 32

We stay on the M4 until after Swindon

Possible route from London to Polperro via Chippenham

As shown here. It's a more roundabout route than a computer would recommend now: supposedly you could save about an hour by taking the A303 straight through Basingstoke and Yeovil instead. It could be that this is just the way that William knows best, or that he wants to avoid what sounds like unpredictable traffic.

three plastrons supine on a field Ford Transit

A joke on English heraldic terminology which I will now explain to death. Standard descriptions (blazons) of coats-of-arms begin with a description of the main emblem or "charge", which if it's an animal is followed by an "attitude" such as "rampant" (up with paws raised) or "dormant" (sleeping with head on paws); "supine" isn't a position that would ever be used. A plastron sounds like a heraldic design element (such as "escutcheon") and in fact can mean a piece of armor, but here it's just the belly part of a turtle shell. Heraldic grammar puts the color or pattern last, so here "Ford Transit" is being used in place of a phrase like "Chequy gules and argent" to describe the look of the background (field).

Navigare necesse est. Vivere non est necesse

A coat of arms would normally have a motto, and Neaera has chosen one attributed to the Roman general Pompey: "To sail is necessary, to live is not."

Chapter 33

the spirit of Tregeagle

Jan Tregeagle was a real 18-century person in Cornwall who became the subject of local legends about his evilness. Having to weave ropes of sand was actually a good outcome for him, because it kept his spirit out of hell as long as he could keep busy at it.

Chapter 34

the street that led to Jonathan Couch's house

Couch was a 19th-century naturalist who was one of the more famous residents of Polperro.

Chapter 35

Adamant, said the urinal. There was a device like the Order of the Garter but with a lion on top. Something that looked like an owl's face in the middle

Compare: Order of the Garter

Adamant brand urinals did at one point use a logo more or less as described.

Chapter 36

coachman who took Pinocchio to the Land of Boobies

The Land of Boobies (or "Toyland", depending on the translation) is the alleged utopia that Pinocchio's friends convince him to travel to, where you can do whatever you want and the weekend lasts all week. Of course, it's a scam.

Chapter 41

an old German film ... Harry Bauer was in it

This would be Symphony of a Life (1943), Baur's only non-French film (Bauer is a typo)—also his last film, and possibly the indirect cause of his death. Baur was a star in France but after the Nazi invasion he was blacklisted by the collaborationists, and (either as a desperate career move or against his will, it's unclear) ended up joining the German film industry instead, traveling to Germany to make this. He finished the movie but was then arrested by the Gestapo, and died shortly after his release from prison, either due to lingering effects of his ordeal or by foul play. It's possible that Hoban didn't know this story; I feel like if he had, he wouldn't have been able to resist working it in somehow.

Chapter 43

Thermopylae

William probably means the Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE), in which a vastly outnumbered Greek alliance held off the Persian army for a while—to great retrospective acclaim, but without affecting the outcome much.

as if I'd come back from the Lakes and the Torrible Zone and the hills of the Chankly Bore

From another Edward Lear poem, "The Jumblies." (Full text)

Chapter 44

Lilly's The Mind of the Dolphin

John Lilly was a multidisciplinary scientist who became best known in the 1950s and '60s, especially in counterculture circles, for his experiments with sensory deprivation and psychedelics as well as his studies of dolphin communication. By the '70s he was no longer a researcher and had drifted into New Age metaphysics. The Mind of the Dolphin (1967) was somewhere in between: it was based on detailed observation of dolphins, and bluntly dismissive of ideas about psychic phenomena (basically on the grounds that they weren't practical or necessary), but Lilly was up-front about his belief that the possibility of talking with dolphins touched on crucial requirements for human mental and spiritual health.

The many points of contact between this book and Turtle Diary, in terms of the narrators' problems and philosophical concerns, suggest that to Hoban this was not just a casual zoology-oriented reference. Here's one particularly apt passage from the first chapter:

Thus our problem in our own species is achieving a basic communication with our fellow men and fellow women .... However, we must know ourselves in order to be able to communicate. We must know the kinds of things that we project into other people "as if" they are communicating them to us but are really not so doing.

a Dale Carnegie poster

Carnegie was a motivational speaker and self-help writer best known for How to Win Friends and Influence People.

Chapter 47

The van and the petrol had come to £26.56

About £278 or US$380 in 2021 currency.

Chapter 48

the driver was sitting in the back seat playing a muted trumpet ... Muskrat Ramble

A Dixieland standard first recorded by Louis Armstrong. A taxi driver who practices trumpet in his down time features prominently in the Hoban/Quentin Blake children's book The Marzipan Pig (1986).

Chapter 49

all the Belisha beacons were bagged in black plastic

Belisha beacons are lamps at pedestrian crossings.

her Postal Savings book

Like many countries (including the US until 1966), the UK offers personal savings accounts through the Post Office.

Chapter 51

the royal arms said DIEU ET MON DROIT

"God and my right", used in the English version of the coat of arms of the UK.